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The Expulsion of the Acadians, also known as the Great Upheaval, the Great Expulsion, the Great Deportation and ''Le Grand Dérangement'', was the forced removal by the British of the Acadian people from the present day Canadian Maritime provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island —an area also known as ''Acadie''.〔The term "forced removal" is being used intentionally. For the academic discussions about referring to this event as "ethnic cleansing" or a "deportation" see the Historical Comparisons section.〕 The Expulsion (1755–1764) occurred during the French and Indian War (the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War)〔This conflict is also referred to as "Anglo French Rivalry of 1749–63" and War of British Conquest.〕 and was part of the British military campaign against New France. The British first deported Acadians to the Thirteen Colonies, and after 1758 transported additional Acadians to Britain and France. In all, of the 14,100 Acadians in the region, approximately 11,500 Acadians were deported.〔Stephen White calculated the number of Acadians in 1755 (See Stephen White. The True Number of Acadians. In Rene Gilles-LeBlanc. Du Grand Derangement a la Deportation. pp. 21-56〕 After the British conquest of Acadia in 1710, the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht allowed the Acadians to keep their lands. Over the next forty-five years, however, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During the same period, they also participated in various military operations against the British, and maintained supply lines to the French fortresses of Louisbourg and Fort Beauséjour. As a result, the British sought to eliminate any future military threat posed by the Acadians and to permanently cut the supply lines they provided to Louisbourg by removing them from the area. Without making distinctions between the Acadians who had been neutral and those who had resisted the occupation of Acadia, the British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council ordered them to be expelled.〔British officer John Winslow raised his concern that officials were not distinguishing between Acadians who rebelled against the British and those who did not. (John Faragher, p. 337)〕 In the first wave of the expulsion, Acadians were deported to other British colonies. During the second wave, they were deported to Britain and France, from where they migrated to Louisiana. Acadians fled initially to Francophone colonies such as Canada, the uncolonized northern part of Acadia, Isle Saint-Jean and Isle Royale. During the second wave of the expulsion, these Acadians were either imprisoned or deported. Throughout the expulsion, Acadians and the Wabanaki Confederacy continued a guerrilla war against the British in response to British aggression which had been continuous since 1744 (see King George's War and Father Le Loutre's War).〔John Grenier. ''Nova Scotia at War''. 2008〕 Along with the British achieving their military goals of defeating Louisbourg and weakening the Mi'kmaq and Acadian militias, the result of the Expulsion was the devastation of both a primarily civilian population and the economy of the region. Thousands of Acadians died in the expulsions, mainly from diseases and drowning when ships were lost. On July 11, 1764, the British government passed an order-in-council to permit Acadians to legally return to British territories, provided that they take an unqualified oath of allegiance. The American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow memorialized the historic event in his poem about the plight of the fictional character ''Evangeline'', which was popular and made the expulsion well known. According to Acadian historian Maurice Basque, the story of Evangeline continues to influence historic accounts of the deportation, emphasising neutral Acadians and de-emphasising those who resisted the British Empire.〔Maurice Basque. "Atlantic Realities, Acadian Identities, Arcadian Dreams", In Ried and Savoie (eds) ''Shaping An Agenda for Atlantic Canada'', Fernwood Press. 2011. p 66〕 == Historical context == (詳細はProtestant Church of England and the Acadians were Roman Catholic. They also worried that signing the oath might commit male Acadians to fight against France during wartime, and that it would be perceived by their Mi'kmaq neighbours as an acknowledgement of the British claim to Acadia, putting Acadian villages at risk of attack from Mi'kmaq.〔Reid, John. ''Nova Scotia: A Pocket History'', Fernwood Publishing. 2009. p. 49.〕 Other Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath because they were anti-British. Various historians have observed that some Acadians were labelled "neutral" when they were not.〔Marice Basque (2004). "Family and Political Culture in Pre-Conquest Acadia," In ''The Conquest of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions''. 2004, University of Toronto Press. p. 49; John Reid, ''Six Crucial Decades'', 29–32; John Reid. ''1686–1720: Imperial Instrusions''; Barnes, "Twelve Apostles" or a "Dozen Traitors?"; Basque, ''Des hommes de pouvoir'', 51–99; Basque and Brun, ''La neutralite l' epreuve.''; Bernard Potheir, ''Course d l'Accadie''; Bobert Rumilly, ''L'Acadie angalise.''〕 By the time of the Expulsion of the Acadians, there was already a long history of political and military resistance by Acadians and the Wabanaki Confederacy to the British occupation of Acadia.〔Faragher, John Mack, ''A Great and Noble Scheme'' New York; W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. pp. 110–112 ISBN 0-393-05135-8〕 The Mi'kmaq and the Acadians were allies through their Catholicism and numerous inter-marriages.〔Geoffery Plank. ''An Unsettled Conquest''. University of Pennsylvania. 2001. p. 72〕 While the Acadians were the largest population, the Wabanaki Confederacy, particularly the Mi'kmaq, held the military strength in Acadia even after the British conquest.〔Geoffery Plank. ''An Unsettled Conquest''. University of Pennsylvania. 2001. p. 67〕 They resisted the British occupation and were joined on numerous occasions by Acadians. These efforts were often supported and led by French priests in the region.〔John Grenier. ''First Way of War''.〕 The Wabanaki Confederacy and Acadians fought against the British Empire in six wars, including the French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War, over a period of seventy-five years. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Expulsion of the Acadians」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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